Every investigation is completed in Roentgen type 3.5.step one. Finally sample types for every behaviour are in Dining table step one and you may Table S1.
step 3 Overall performance
Somebody used between step one and step three core elements from inside the low-reproduction 12 months. For everyone however, four someone (letter = 77, 94%), cold weather section overlapped across the the age. This type of five someone switched wintering areas anywhere between France and you will West Sahara (n = 1), Mauritania and you will Portugal (n = 1), France and you may British (letter = 1) and Morocco and you may United kingdom (letter = 2). Migration distance was thus very repeatable (Roentgen = 0.81 [95% trust interval: 0.57–0.93]). Sixty-two some body (76%) made use of a beneficial stopover from inside the at the very least one year, and you can 96% from total day spent in stopover parts occurred ahead of arrival so you can this new wintering urban area. Usage of stopover parts try smaller uniform than wintering elements: 18 from the 62 someone having fun with a stopover (29%) had a great stopover urban area that did not convergence certainly one of ages (as compared to 6% those who got non-overlapping wintering section).
Even after some variation into the stopover city play with, convergence inside the non-reproduction withdrawals try fundamentally highest, having a median convergence out of 0.91 (range: 0.51–0.95). Non-reproduction distributions were a bit more equivalent within this someone around the age than simply ranging from individuals (median between-private convergence = 0.61, assortment = 0.19–0.93, Shape 2a and you can Figure S3), having nothing of your own randomized set creating a difference into the medians alot more high compared to the genuine studies (p
Private adaptation in-migration station is basically reduced in each other trip (median = 41 km, variety = 3–169) and you will springtime (average = forty-five kilometer, range = 11–211). Very intra-private station type happened in the Bay out-of Biscay as well as brand new arid heart away from Spain (Contour step one). Intra-individual version was significantly less than version discovered between matched some body (autumn: between-private average = 107 km, variety = 12–280; spring: between-individual average = 62 kilometer, diversity = 11–236; Profile 2c,d and you may Profile S3) that have probabilities
Although many someone had a tendency to feel very uniform, for every habits, some people shown highest type (Profile 2, Contour S5). The people showing the quintessential adaptation were not an equivalent to have for every behaviour, with twenty-six some other anyone (32%) being in the upper 5th percentile out-of adaptation for at least you to actions (Dining table S3).
step 3.2 Determine out of migration range towards private adaptation
Migration distances ranged from 53 to 4,572 km (median = 1727 km, n = 77). Intra-individual non-breeding distribution overlap decreased with migration distance (overlap = 0.936–2.0 ? 10 ?5 ·migration distance, Fstep one,75 = , p ?5 ·migration distance, Fstep 1,75 = , p
cuatro Dialogue
This study quantified inter- and intra-private type in low-reproduction distributions, cold weather web site fidelity, migration paths and time off migration during the decreased black colored-supported gulls in the individual-height, playing with higher spatio-temporal quality tracking data, and you may level a standard-list of migration ranges, to check on this new theory you to migratory behavior is be much more repaired because migration range grows. not, we learned that migration distance did not define and therefore everyone was really adjustable round the decades, contrasting with many different early in the day inter-variety evaluations out-of population phenology. Alternatively, we found that despite migration length, anyone consistently differed from one another within conduct, suggesting that people mainly pursue discovered and you will/or passed on behavioural tips.
4.step one Type into the migratory actions
For everyone habits tested, intra-individual type try short to that particular of the population, resulting in distinct personal behavioural tips, in keeping with our hypothesis that gulls would-be lured to count on earlier experience. Repeatability are saturated in evaluation in order to results round the a variety of taxa to own varied behavioral attributes (Bell mais aussi al., 2009 ), but consistent with studies regarding avian migration (assessed of the Both ainsi que al., 2016 ; Phillips ainsi que al., 2017 ). This indicates that numerous avian species preferentially explore discovered or inherited knowledge of before credible wintering and you can stopover components, rather than risk interested in a knowledgeable places into the confirmed year.
